Effets d'une réduction de l'apport protéique durant la gestation sur le métabolisme maternel et l'évolution de la composition corporelle au cours du cycle de reproduction chez la truie

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Abstract
An experiment was made in 58 Larger White gilts distributed at sexual maturity into 2 groups only differing in the protein supply (10 or 13.5% crude protein). Each group included 4 categories of animals: nonpregnant gilts fed in the same conditions as the pregnant gilts and slaughtered 114 days after sexual maturity; gilts mated at sexual maturity and slaughtered within 48 h after parturition or on day 21 of lactation or 8 days after weaning. After farrowing the animals received the same diet (with 13.5% crude protein). Administration of the diet including 13.5% crude protein during gestation increased the gilt weight gain by 16% corresponding to an increase in the net live weight gain (23%) without any change in litter weight at birth. In the non-pregnant gilts the weight gain was lower (11%). Their N balance, determined after 80 days of experimentation, was not changed. In pregnant gilts, the amount of retained N increased with the protein supply from 9.3-12.0 g/day. In late gestation free amino acidemia in pregnant gilts showed an increase in some nonessential amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, glycine and alanine] associated, at the lowest protein level, with a decrease in the contents of some essential amino acids [leucine, valine and lysine]. The metabolic activity of the s.c. fatty tissue (lipoprotein-lipase activity and lipogenesis from glucose) decreased during the 2nd half of gestation. At parturiton increase in the protein intake of the pregnant gilts resulted in a higher muscle deposition (Parisian cutting of the carcass, loin and ham density, eye muscle area and backfat thickness). Non-pregnant gilts did not exhibit such a high muscling score. During lactation, the animal performances (milk production, milk composition, litter growth and N balance) were comparable whatever the protein supply during gestation (10 or 13.5%). The metabolic activity of the s.c. fatty tissue remained low; an inverse linear relationship was observed between the lipoprotein lipase activity of the s.c. fatty tissue and milk production on day 10 of lactation. The weight loss observed during this period mainly resulted in a large mobilization of the muscle masses (25% reduction of the eye muscle area). After weaning, the effect of the protein during gestation on dam body composition persisted, suggesting the existence of a relationship between the level of protein intake during gestation and the nutritional status of the animals after 1 reproductive cycle.

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