Merotelic kinetochore orientation occurs frequently during early mitosis in mammalian tissue cells and error correction is achieved by two different mechanisms

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Abstract
Merotelic kinetochore orientation is an error that occurs when a single kinetochore becomes attached to microtubules from two spindle poles rather than just to one pole. We obtained the first evidence that merotelic kinetochore orientation occurs very frequently during early mitosis in mammalian tissue cells and that two different correction mechanisms are critical for accurate chromosome segregation in cells possessing bipolar spindles and unperturbed chromosomes. Our data show that about 30% of prometaphase PtK1 cells possess one or more merotelically oriented kinetochores. This frequency is increased to over 90% in cells recovering from a nocodazole-induced mitotic block. A delay in establishing spindle bipolarity is responsible for the high frequency of merotelic orientations seen in cells recovering from nocodazole, but not in untreated cells. The frequency of anaphase cells with merotelically oriented lagging chromosomes is 1% in untreated cells and 18% in cells recovering from nocodazole. Prolonging metaphase by 2 hours reduced the frequency of anaphase cells with lagging chromosomes both for untreated and for nocodazole-treated cells. Surprisingly, anaphase lagging chromosomes represented a very small fraction of merotelic kinetochore orientations present in late metaphase. Our data indicate that two correction mechanisms operate to prevent chromosome missegregation due to merotelic kinetochore orientation. The first, a pre-anaphase correction mechanism increases the ratio of kinetochore microtubules attached to the correct versus incorrect pole and might eventually result in kinetochore reorientation before anaphase onset. The increase in microtubule ratio to opposite poles is the groundwork for a second mechanism, active in anaphase, that promotes the segregation of merotelically oriented chromosomes to the correct pole.