The maps in this report incorporate the results of a 5-year survey of esophageal cancer among South African Bantu domiciled in reserves of the Transkeian Territories. Available information suggests that the disease was unknown 25 years ago; today, however, esophageal cancer is particularly rife in scattered circumscribed localities. The population investigated was 1.6 million, of which 1,882 patients were registered—1,036 men and 846 women. Sixty percent of cases were diagnosed as esophageal cancer on irrefutable radiological evidence, and about one-third were confirmed as squamous carcinoma by biopsy or cytological examinations. The remaining 40% were diagnosed on clinical grounds only. Most of the tumors were in the middle-third esophagus, but in older patients relatively more were in the lower third. Crude morbidity and mortality rates are given, as well as mortality rates for males and females in half-decade age groups. Females show a peak mortality at 50 years of age, whereas the mortality curve for males continues to rise steeply to 60 years and beyond.