Toddler Temperament: Stability across Settings and over Ages

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Abstract
For a sample of 89 infant twins, multimethod assessments of temperament were obtained at 18 and 24 mo. of age. A standarized laboratory sequence elicited behaviors that were videotaped and then rated on scales representing emotional tone, activity, attentiveness, social orientation to staff and vocalizing. To these ratings were added ratings of the infants'' reactions to the restraint required for physical measurements. At each age, the series of ratings were condensed to a single score representing each of the behaviors, and the condensed scores were subjected to factor analysis. A principal dimension emerged at both ages that combined positive emotional tone, sustained attentiveness, social approachfulness to the staff and calmer acceptance of restraint. Category scores from the Toddler Temperament Scale, completed by the parents at each age, providing a strong first factor denoted by the following categories of temperament: mood, adaptability, approach, intensity and activity. Correlations between the first factor scores extracted from the laboratory and questionnaire data provided significant evidence of convergent validity for the 2 independently determined dimensions of temperament of both ages. Coordination of these temperament dimensions with analogous dimensions obtained at 12 mo. further provided evidence of stability of temperament across 6-mo. intervals during the 2nd year.
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