Low-loss polarization-independent electrooptical switches at λ = 1.3µm

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Abstract
Polarization-independent single-mode optical cross points with low loss have been fabricated for\lambda = 1.3-\mum wavelength. Waveguide design, coupling strength equalization for the two polarizations, fabrication tolerances, and the performance of several Ti:LiNbO3directional-coupler switches are presented. Two 2 × 2 switches have been made with fiber pigtails. The switches have an insertion loss of ∼3- and\sim-14-dB crosstalk isolation with a 70-V operating voltage. A 4 × 3 switch had similar performance but higher insertion loss.