Competition for Hummingbird Pollination and Sequential Flowering in Two Colorado Wildflowers

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Abstract
The simultaneous flowering of co—occurring plant species with similar pollinator affinities may result in interspecific pollen transfer and consequent fecundity reductions due to wastage of pollen, stigma surfaces, and effective pollinator visits. In such cases competition for pollination occurs and may lead to or maintain sequential flowering. Two common perennials in the mountains of west—central Colorado, Delphinium nelsoni and Ipomopsis aggregata, flower sequentially in the same meadows and are visited commonly by Broad—tailed Hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus). Hummingbirds carry pollen of both species and their exclusion from flowers leads to significant seed set reductions. During the brief period of flowering overlap between D. nelsoni and I. aggregata in natural meadows, hummingbirds visit both species, carry mixtures of their pollen, and appear to cause interspecific pollen transfer. Flowers of both species receptive during this period suffer significant seed set reductions relative to those receptive during nonoverlap periods. Interspecific pollinator flights and pollen transfer also occur in mixtures of potted plants, and seed set reductions consistently occur for both D. nelsoni and I. aggregata in such mixtures relative to single—species controls. Finally, seed set reductions occur for both species following interspecific hand pollination of potted plants. Fecundity reductions in natural and synthetic mixtures of D. nelsoni and I. aggregata indicate that the 2 species compete for hummingbird pollination and suggest that the competitive interaction involves interspecific pollen transfer. The observed reproductive effects represent a selective force sufficient to maintain divergent flowering times of D. nelsoni and I. aggregata in nature.