Direct Somatic Embryoid Formation on Immature Embryos of Trifolium repens, T. pratense and Medicago sativa, and Rapid Clonal Propagation of T. repens

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Abstract
By direct somatic embryogenesis in vitro a clone of aseptic plantlets can be raised from a single immature embryo of Trifolium repens (white clover) within about 6 weeks of pollination. Embryoids are induced directly from intact zygotic embryonic tissue on a culture medium containing 0·025 or 0·05 mg 1−1 BAP and 1·0 g 1−1 yeast extract. Similar direct somatic embryogenesis has also been achieved for Trifolium pratense (red clover) and Medicago sativa (lucerne). Applications of embryo propagation by direct somatic embryogenesis are discussed, particularly in relation to multiple screening of host genotypes for analysis of host/pathogen and legume/Rhizobium interactions.