Stage-Specific Modulation of IFN-Regulatory Factor 4 Function by Krüppel-Type Zinc Finger Proteins

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Abstract
Optimal humoral responses depend on the activation of Ag-specific B cells, followed by their progression toward a fully differentiated phenotype. Acquisition of stage-appropriate patterns of gene expression is crucial to this differentiation program. However, the molecular mechanisms used by B cells to modulate gene expression as they complete their maturation program are poorly understood. IFN-regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) plays a critical role in mature B cell function. Using the transcriptional regulation of the human B cell activation marker CD23 as a model system, we have previously demonstrated that IRF-4 is induced in response to B cell-activating stimuli and that it acts as a transactivator of CD23 gene expression. We have furthermore found that IRF-4 function can be blocked by B cell lymphomas 6 (BCL-6) protein, a Krüppel-type zinc finger repressor normally expressed in germinal center B cells. However, CD23 expression is known to be down-regulated in plasma cells despite high level expression of IRF-4 and the lack of BCL-6, suggesting that in plasma cells the IRF-4-mediated induction of CD23 is prevented by its interaction with a distinct repressor. In this set of studies, we demonstrate that IRF-4 interacts with B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein/positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1 (Blimp1/PRD1-BF1), a Krüppel-type zinc finger protein whose expression correlates with terminal B cell differentiation. Functional studies indicate that Blimp1, like BCL-6, can block IRF-4-transactivating ability. These findings thus support a model whereby IRF-4 function is modulated in a stage-specific manner by its interaction with developmentally restricted sets of Krüppel-type zinc finger proteins.