The Measurement of Firmness of Canned Salmon and other Semi-Rigid Bodies by the Dynamic Penetrometer Method: I. Experiments with a Multiple-Needle Penetrometer

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Abstract
A multiple-needle penetrometer of the dynamic type is described. The results of experiments on canned salmon and a commercial shortening with a 12-needle penetration element show that single readings of depth of penetration can be obtained rapidly and are reasonably reliable in that for canned salmon the probable error of a single reading for an average depth of penetration of 10 mm. is of the order of 0.7 mm., while for a commercial shortening the corresponding probable error was only about one-half this value. Experimental evidence together with theoretical considerations, however, indicate that depth of penetration is not a valid measure of softness of canned salmon in the sense that the units of softness at different points along the scale are not equivalent.

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