Effect of temperature on the hatching time of eggs of Ephemerella ignita (Poda) (Ephemeroptera:Ephemerellidae)

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Abstract
SUMMARY. Eggs of Ephemerella ignita (Poda) were kept at eight constant temperatures (range 5.9–19.8°C) in the laboratory. Over 85% of the eggs hatched in the temperature range 10.0–14.2°C but the percentage decreased markedly to 39% at 5.9°C and 42% at 19.8°C. Hatching time (days after oviposition) decreased with increasing water temperature over the range 5.9–14.2°C and the relationship between the two variables was well described by a hyperbola. Therefore, the time taken for development was expressed in units of degree‐days above a threshold temperature. Mean values (with 95%CL) were 552 (534–573) degree‐days above 4.25°C for 10% of the eggs hatched, 862 (725–1064) degree‐days above 3.57°C for 50% hatched and 1383 (1294–1486) degree‐days above 3.14°C for 90% hatched. These values can be used to predict hatching times at temperatures below 14.68°C for 10% hatched, 14.54°C for 50% hatched and 14.45°C for 90% hatched. At higher temperatures, the hatching time and the number of degree‐days required for development both increased with increasing temperature. Equations were developed to estimate the number of degree‐days required for development at these higher temperatures.Eggs were also placed in the Wilfin Beck, a small stony stream in the English Lake District. Maximum and minimum water temperatures were recorded in each week and the summation of degree‐days was used to predict the dates on which 10%, 50% and 90% of the eggs should have hatched. There was good agreement between these estimates and the actual hatching times. Only 10–15% of the eggs hatched between October and late February with most of the eggs hatching in March, April and May. Nymphs hatching in October and November probably did not survive the winter.