Transfer of habituation in Aplysia: Contribution of heterosynaptic pathways in habituation of the gill‐withdrawal reflex

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Abstract
Habituation of the Aplysia gill‐withdrawal reflex (and siphon‐withdrawal reflex) has been attributed to low‐frequency homosynaptic depression at central sensory–motor synapses. The recent demonstration that transfer of habituation between stimulation sites occurs in this model system has prompted the hypothesis that heterosynaptic inhibitory pathways also play a role in the mediation of habituation behavior. To test this hypothesis, the sites and mechanisms of neural plasticity which underlie transfer of habituation in Aplysia were examined. Transfer of habituation is a reduction in the reflex evoked at one stimulation site (siphon) due to repeated presentation of a stimulus to a second site (gill). Centrally mediated transfer of habituation, measured in a preparation lacking the siphon–gill peripheral nervous system (PNS), was associated with a reduced excitatory response in central motor neurons. Repeated tactile stimulation of the gill did not attenuate the gill response evoked by electrical stimulation of the branchial nerve nor the mechanoreceptor response recorded in LE sensory neurons. In contrast, repeated stimulation of siphon or gill at a site which was “off” the sensory field of a specific mechanoreceptor led to a diminution in synaptic transmission between that sensory neuron and its followers (motor neurons and interneurons). These data demonstrate that centrally mediated transfer of habituation results from heterosynaptic modulation of synaptic transmission at the sensory–motor (and sensory–interneuron) synapses. Therefore, habituation behavior in Aplysia is mediated through the conjoint action of homosynaptic and heterosynaptic inhibitory processes.