Bone Marrow, Cytokines, and Bone Remodeling — Emerging Insights into the Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis

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Abstract
Bone is remodeled continuously during adulthood through the resorption of old bone by osteoclasts and the subsequent formation of new bone by osteoblasts. These two closely coupled events are responsible for renewing the skeleton while maintaining its anatomical and structural integrity. Under normal conditions, bone remodeling proceeds in cycles in which osteoclasts adhere to bone and subsequently remove it by acidification and proteolytic digestion. Shortly after the osteoclasts have left the resorption site, osteoblasts invade the area and begin the process of forming new bone by secreting osteoid (a matrix of collagen and other proteins), which is eventually mineralized. After . . .