Effects of supplementation with ω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on retinal and cortical development in premature infants

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Abstract
Deficiency of ω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in vertebrates produces subtle adverse effects on visual and neural function. Preterm infants 1) are deprived of vital intrauterine fat accretion during late pregnancy, 2) must rely solely on formula for fatty acid supplies if not breastfed, and 3) may have limited postnatal desaturase activity. In a study to evaluate the necessity of dietary ω3 LCPUFAs, preterm infants were fed human milk, corn-oil-based formula (ω3 fatty acid deficient), soy-oil-based formula (rich in precursor fatty acids), or marine-oil-supplemented formula (containing docosahexaenoic acid). At 36 and 57 wk postconception, the LCPUFA profiles in red blood cell lipids were nearly equivalent in the human-milk and marine-oil groups whereas the corn-oil group had markedly lower values for ω3 fatty acids. Rod photoreceptor function was significantly less mature in the corn-oil group compared with the human-milk and marine-oil-enriched groups in early postnatal development (36 wk). The corn-oil group also had impaired visual acuity at both 36 and 57 wk. The potential benefit of ω3 LCPUFA-enriched full-term formula is discussed. The study supports a role for ω3 LCPUFAs as required nutrients for the optimal maturation of visual and cortical function in preterm infants.