Perception and representation of the Euclidean coordinates in mature and elderly men and women

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Abstract
Research on gender differences in visuo-spatial tasks has been mostly limited to samples of preadolescents, adolescents, and young adults. In a life span perspective, the present study attempted to complete the available information by submitting mature and elderly men and women to three tasks involving the Euclidean spatial system. Aged 40 to 61, 62 to 72, and 73 to 84, and maximally equivalent across age and sex groups, the subjects performed the Rod-and-Frame Test, the water-level task, and a plumb-line task. Proficiency was expected to decrease with age and to be higher among men. It was found that, whatever their age, men surpassed women in the water-level and plumb-line tasks, whereas no gender difference was obtained on the Rod-and-Frame Test. Irrespective of sex, the oldest subjects were outperformed by the youngest on the Rod-and-Frame Test, while water-level and plumb-line achievement was independent of age. Depression and anxiety scores were not correlated with visuo-spatial performance. Discussion focused on the fact that the present highly homogeneous and selective sample allowed for the valid emergence of a distinctive pattern of gender and age contributions to the use of appropriate vertical and horizontal references once maturity is reached.