Ineffective Platelet Production in Thrombocytopenic Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients

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Abstract
Thrombocytopenia has been characterized in six patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with respect to the delivery of viable platelets into the peripheral circulation (peripheral platelet mass turnover), marrow megakaryocyte mass (product of megakaryocyte number and volume), megakaryocyte progenitor cells, circulating levels of endogenous thrombopoietin (TPO) and platelet TPO receptor number, and serum antiplatelet glycoprotein (GP) IIIa49-66 antibody (GPIIIa49-66Ab), an antibody associated with thrombocytopenia in HIV-infected patients. Peripheral platelet counts in these patients averaged 46 ± 43 × 103/μL (P = .0001 compared to normal controls of 250 ± 40× 103/μL), and the mean platelet volume (MPV) was 10.5 ± 2.0 fL (P > 0.3 compared with normal control of 9.5 ± 1.7 fL). The mean life span of autologous111In-platelets was 87 ± 39 hours (P = .0001 compared with 232 ± 38 hours in 20 normal controls), and immediate mean recovery of 111In-platelets injected into the systemic circulation was 33% ± 16% (P = .0001 compared with 65% ± 5% in 20 normal controls). The resultant mean peripheral platelet mass turnover was 3.8 ± 1.5 × 105 fL/μL/d versus 3.8 ± 0.4 × 105 fL/μL/d in 20 normal controls (P > .5). The mean endogenous TPO level was 596 ± 471 pg/mL (P = .0001 compared with 95 ± 6 pg/mL in 98 normal control subjects), and mean platelet TPO receptor number was 461 ± 259 receptors/platelet (P = .05 compared with 207 ± 99 receptors/platelet in nine normal controls). Antiplatelet GPIIIa49-66Ab levels in sera were uniformly increased in HIV thrombocytopenic patients (P < .001). In this cohort of thrombocytopenic HIV patients, marrow megakaryocyte number was increased to 30 ± 15 × 106/kg (P = .02 compared with 11 ± 2.1 × 106/kg in 20 normal controls), and marrow megakaryocyte volume was 32 ± 0.9 × 103 fL (P = .05 compared with 28 ± 4.5 × 103 fL in normal controls). Marrow megakaryocyte mass was expanded to 93 ± 47 × 1010 fL/kg (P = .007 compared with normal control of 31 ± 5.3 × 1010 fL/kg). Marrow megakaryocyte progenitor cells averaged 3.3 (range, 0.4 to 7.3) CFU-Meg/1,000 CD34+ cells compared with 27 (range, 0.1 to 84) CFU-Meg/1,000 CD34+ cells in seven normal subjects (P = .02). Thus, thrombocytopenia in these HIV patients was caused by a combination of shortening of platelet life span by two thirds and doubling of splenic platelet sequestration, coupled with ineffective delivery of viable platelets to the peripheral blood, despite a threefold TPO-driven expansion in marrow megakaryocyte mass. We postulate that this disparity between circulating platelet product and marrow platelet substrate results from direct impairment in platelet formation by HIV-infected marrow megakaryocytes.