Branching patterns in Trichomanes and Cardiomanes (hymenophyllaceous ferns)

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Abstract
Previous observations on Trichomanes with thick stems and axillary buds are compared with those recently obtained from species with slender stems and extraaxillary buds and also from Cardiomanes. In all species, leaves arise from typical two-sided apical cells and buds are initiated adjacent to them in cauline tissues, laterally on the apical meristem. Three different localizations of buds occur (axillary, extraaxillary, and intermediate) and result in different orientations of the whole lateral system (= leaf + bud). Each different arrangement is visible as early as the initiation stage. The leaf apical cell faces the bud initials in all cases. Growth does not interfere with relative orientation of the organs but greatly changes the vertical position of the buds, which may be borne on the stem near leaf insertion or at the leaf base. These results illustrate the necessity of accurate observation of the ontogenetic origin of lateral organs to define them.

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