Effect of sleep on memory: III. Controlling for time-of-day effects.

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Abstract
Compared retention of a paired-associate list in 3 groups of 10 undergraduates each who all learned and recalled at the same time of day (the retention interval was always defined from 2:50-6:50 a.m.). 1 group was awake during the interval, 1 group experienced sleep characterized by high amounts of Stage IV sleep and low amounts of REM sleep, and the 3rd group experienced sleep characterized by low amounts of Stage IV and high amounts of REM. Results demonstrate that memory over a sleep interval was superior to memory over a waking interval. Of the 2 sleep intervals, retention over the high REM sleep interval was inferior to retention over the high Stage IV interval. These 2 effects cannot be explained as artifacts of a circadian rhythm effect on memory. Implications of the results for understanding the effects of sleep on memory are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

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