Task‐dependent changes in the responses to low‐threshold cutaneous afferent volleys in the human lower limb.

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Abstract
1. In seven human subjects who were standing without support the sural nerves were stimulated electrically using trains of non‐painful stimuli (five pulses at 300 Hz), designed to activate afferents from cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The reflex effects of the stimulus train on different muscles of the ipsilateral and contralateral legs were sought in post‐stimulus averages of rectified EMG. Changes in the pattern of reflex influence were investigated when the subjects maintained different postures. 2. Clear reflex responses were seen in ipsilateral tibialis anterior, soleus, biceps femoris and vastus lateralis, but only when the muscles were actively contracting. In each muscle, inhibition was the dominant reflex response within the first 100 ms. In four of the seven subjects, reflex changes were detectable in the contralateral tibialis anterior and soleus, the peak‐to‐peak modulation within the first 200 ms being 25‐50% of that for the homologous ipsilateral muscle. 3. When subjects attempted to stand on a tilted platform, an unstable platform or on one leg with the other flexed, different combinations of muscles were active, involving both flexors and extensors or predominantly flexors or predominantly extensors. In each posture the reflex effects were demonstrable only in the active muscles. 4. With ipsilateral tibialis anterior, there were task‐dependent changes in the short‐latency components of the EMG response, approximately 60 ms and 80 ms after the stimulus. When seated performing voluntary contractions these components were difficult to define, and when standing on a platform tilted toe‐up they were small. When the ipsilateral leg was flexed or when standing on an unstable base, these early components were more prominent in each subject. With contralateral tibialis anterior, the dominant reflex pattern was inhibition when seated and contracting voluntarily, and facilitation during bipedal stance tilted toe‐up. These changes in reflex pattern could not be explained by different levels of background contraction. 5. It is concluded that cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the foot have widespread reflex actions on muscles throughout both limbs, particularly the ipsilateral limb, and that the reflex pattern in different muscles and within a single muscle may change dependent on the task that the subject is undertaking. These task‐dependent changes indicate plasticity in the expression of cutaneous reflex activity, affecting both short‐latency spinal as well as long‐latency pathways.