Noradrenergic Inputs to the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Underlie Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis But Not Hypophagic or Conditioned Avoidance Responses to Systemic Yohimbine

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Abstract
The α2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (YO) increases transmitter release from adrenergic/noradrenergic (NA) neurons. Systemic YO activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, inhibits feeding, and supports conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA) in rats. To determine whether these effects require NA inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), vehicle or saporin toxin conjugated to an antibody against dopamine β hydroxylase (DSAP) was microinjected bilaterally into the BNST to remove its NA inputs. Subsequent tests failed to reveal any lesion effect on the ability of YO (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) to inhibit food intake or to support CFA. Conversely, HPA axis responses to YO were significantly blunted in DSAP rats. In a terminal experiment, DSAP and control rats were perfused 90–120 min after intraperitoneal injection of YO or vehicle. Brains were processed to reveal Fos immunolabeling and lesion extent. NA fibers were markedly depleted in the BNST and medial parvocellular paraventricular hypothalamus (PVNmp) in DSAP rats, evidence for collateralized NA inputs to these regions. DSAP rats displayed significant loss of caudal medullary NA neurons, and markedly blunted Fos activation in the BNST and in corticotropin-releasing hormone-positive PVNmp neurons after YO. We conclude that a population of medullary NA neurons provides collateral inputs to the BNST and PVNmp, and that these inputs contribute importantly to Fos expression and HPA axis activation after YO treatment. Conversely, NA-mediated activation of BNST and PVNmp neurons is unnecessary for YO to inhibit food intake or support CFA, evidence for the sufficiency of other intact neural pathways in mediating those effects.

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