Levels of Biological Organization: An Organism-Centered Approach

1 November 1978

journal article
research article
Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in BioScience

Vol. 28 (11) , 700-704
https://doi.org/10.2307/1307320

Abstract

This paper addresses the traditional concept of the levels of biological organization and presents an alternative, organism-centered scheme, depicting four types of biological relationships. The scheme emphasizes essential differences between the nature of the relationships subsumed under the concepts of community and ecosystem.

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