Systematic sequencing of renal carcinoma reveals inactivation of histone modifying genes

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Abstract
A large survey for somatic mutations in clear cell renal cell carcinomas, the most common form of adult kidney cancer, shows that in addition to the known inactivating mutations in the VHL gene, recurrent mutations occur in the NF2 gene, which encodes a tumour suppressor protein and in genes encoding the chromatin modifying enzymes SETD2, JARID1C and UTX. Clear cell renal carcinoma, the most common form of adult kidney cancer, is often characterized by the presence of inactivating mutations in the VHL gene. A large survey for somatic mutations now identifies inactivating mutations in two genes encoding enzymes involved in histone modification, highlighting the role of mutations in components of the chromatin modification machinery in human cancer. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common form of adult kidney cancer, characterized by the presence of inactivating mutations in the VHL gene in most cases1,2, and by infrequent somatic mutations in known cancer genes. To determine further the genetics of ccRCC, we have sequenced 101 cases through 3,544 protein-coding genes. Here we report the identification of inactivating mutations in two genes encoding enzymes involved in histone modification—SETD2, a histone H3 lysine 36 methyltransferase, and JARID1C (also known as KDM5C), a histone H3 lysine 4 demethylase—as well as mutations in the histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase, UTX (KMD6A), that we recently reported3. The results highlight the role of mutations in components of the chromatin modification machinery in human cancer. Furthermore, NF2 mutations were found in non-VHL mutated ccRCC, and several other probable cancer genes were identified. These results indicate that substantial genetic heterogeneity exists in a cancer type dominated by mutations in a single gene, and that systematic screens will be key to fully determining the somatic genetic architecture of cancer.