Geometry of englacial water conduits, Austre Brøggerbreen, Svalbard

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Abstract
The internal geometry of three englacial conduits located on Austre Brøggerbreen, Svalbard, was investigated by tracer experiments and by direct exploration. The tracer tests produced short-lived and highly peaked tracer return curves with high through-flow velocities. The direct inspections revealed the entrances to be of two types. Type I consisted of a moulin with an initial 39 m vertical shaft drained by a semicircular and near-horizontal englacial channel trending diagonally across the direction of ice flow, parallel to tectonic structures observed on the ice surface. The type II entrances sloped gently into the ice in the direction of the ice flow, and became englacial by gradual down-cutting of supraglacial meltwater channels into the glacier surface. No traces of tectonic structures were observed in the ice surface that could have initiated the type II entrances. Englacial conduits with gentle slopes were meandering. With increasing slope, a winding waterfall?plunge-pool geometry was developed, the channels being high (>3 m) compared to their width (30?150 cm).

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