A Vβ.2‐specific superantigen from exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus carried by FM mice

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Abstract
A number of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviruses encode superantigen that have the ability to stimulate T cells with a certain T cell receptor (TCR) β‐chain variable region (Vβ) and to mediate the Vβ‐specific clonal deletion. The tumorigenic milk‐borne MMTV carried by C3H and GR mice also have superantigenic properties in vivo. In the present study we identified and characterized a novel Vβ8.2‐specific superantigen of exogenous MMTV carried by FM mice. The open reading frame (ORF) in the 3′ long terminal repeat of the MMTV was cloned by polymerase chain reaction with primers corresponding to conserved regions spanning the ORF coding region. Sequence analysis of the ORF revealed that there is no sequence identical to those in other known MMTV in the carboxy terminus implicated in TCR Vβ recognition. Subcutaneous injection of the virus into adult BALB/c mice induced an approximately three‐ to fourfold enlargement of draining lymph nodes and a substantial increase of Vβ8.2+ CD4+ T cells in the lymph nodes within 6 days. The exposure of newborn BALB/c mice to the virus by foster nursing resulted in a marked deletion of Vβ8.2+ cells both in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Thus, a novel milk‐borne MMTV in FM mice expresses strong superantigenic properties capable of stimulating Vβ8.2+ T cells. Vβ8.2+ T cells have been demonstrated to be frequently involved in recognition of conventional antigens and responsible for autoimmune diseases such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Therefore, the MMTV (FM) may provide a new mouse model system for inducing immunodeficiency or autoimmune disease by retroviral infection.