Prenatal X-Ray Exposure and Twins

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Abstract
Nearly 30 years after Stewart and colleagues presented data showing an increased risk of cancer for children who were exposed to diagnostic x-rays while in utero,1 the meaning of this association remains unclear. Although the observation has not been reproduced in a few smaller studies, the larger studies and the bulk of the evidence suggest that the association exists.2 The uncertainty concerns its explanation. Bithell and Stewart express the view that it is evidence of a causal connection between the radiation exposure and increased cancer risk.3 Others are more inclined to look for some characteristic of the mother, the child, . . .