THE INFLUENCE OF SEX AND TREMATODE PARASITES ON CARRION RESPONSE OF THE ESTUARINE SNAIL ILYANASSA OBSOLETA

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Abstract
The estuarine neogastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta, was studied to determine the influence of sex and trematode parasites on the well-known tendency of this snail to aggregate on carrion. Fifteen experimental arenas (1 .times. 5 m) were delimited on the Cape Henlopen sandflat in Delaware Bay [USA] between July 1982 and November 1983. Snails (n = 2111) were examined by dissection. Frequencies of snails in specific categories of sex and parasitism in the arenas were determined before carrion was made available (expected frequencies), and these frequencies were compared with frequencies of the same categories among snails responding to carrion (observed frequencies). Experiments were categorized for analyses into breeding and nonbreeding temporal groups based upon the presence/absence of female with egg cases. Sexual condition alone affected carrion response. Uninfected females in reproductive condition tended to respond more frequently than predicted by controls (positive response) both during and after reproductive season, or else responded as predicted (neutral response). During breeding season males tended to show a neutral response and afterward to respond less frequently than expected (negative response). Parasite influence on carrion response was not detected until after the breeding season, at which time it was pronounced. Both sexes showed a positive response when infected with Leprocreadium setiferoides. Zoogonus rubellus and Gynaecotyla adunca infections produced negative responses in females but neutral responses in males. Austrobilharzia variglandis was inhibitory to females and probably to males as well. Himasthla quissetensis infections seemed not to affect response of either sex. Multiple infections were relatively frequent (9% of snails examined) and also influenced carrion response.