Miltenberger Subsystem of the MNSs Blood Group System: Review and Outlook

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Abstract
The Miltenberger (Mi) classes represent a group of phenotypes for red cells that carry low frequency antigens associated with the MNSs blood group system. The antigens of this system are known to be located on two sialoglycoproteins denoted as glycophorin A (GP A) and GP B. The structural alterations of seven (classes I, II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII) Mi variants and a related variant (J.L.) have been elucidated. Based on these data and yet incomplete studies of the Mi antigens, the approximate structural alterations in class IV and IX may be predicted. In addition, knowledge of the various structures and partial characterization of the Mi antigens allows one to propose detailed hypotheses concerning the epitopes recognized by the various antibodies that define the Mi subsystem. The understanding of the Mi subsystem at the molecular level paves the way for future studies aimed at a more detailed elucidation of epitopes of Mi-related antibodies, the characterization of novel Mi variants and a search for hypothetical, hitherto unknown Mi-related antibodies.