N‐Nitrosamines in snuff and chewing tobacco on the Swedish market in 1983

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Abstract
Snuff and chewing tobacco on the Swedish market in 1983 were analysed for tobacco‐specific and volatile N‐nitrosamines using gas chromatography—thermal energy analysis. All 36 samples of snuff analysed were found to contain detectable levels of N'‐nitrosonornicotine, N‘‐nitrosoanatabine, N’‐nitrosoanabasine and 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐l‐butanone. Total tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamine levels between 2–5 and 51 mg/kg wet weight were found, the mean level being 8–8 mg/kg. Detectable levels of at least two of the four tobacco‐specific N‐nitrosamines were found in all 18 samples of chewing tobacco analysed. The total concentration of tobacco‐specific N’‐nitrosamines found in chewing tobacco was between 0–1 and 7–8 mg/kg, the mean level being 21 mg/kg. The levels of volatile N‐nitrosamines found in the 54 samples of snuff and chewing tobacco were very much lower—most of the samples contained less than 10 μg/kg and the highest concentration found was 550 μg/kg. Since snuff and chewing tobacco contain relatively high levels of carcinogenic N‐nitrosamines and there is evidence of an association between the use of these tobacco products and human cancer, snuff and chewing tobacco users should be warned about the possible cancer risk involved in their habit. In addition, efforts should be made to reduce the levels of N‐nitrosamines in snuff and chewing tobacco and the formation of these substances in the body from precursors originating from these tobacco products.