Abstract
Statistics may be defined as a body of concepts and methods for learning from experience — usually captured as counts or measurements from many separate instances showing individual variation. A little more specifically, statistics refers to the aspects of interpreting quantitative data that tend to be independent of the specific data at hand and thus to carry over from one problem to another. Examples of statistical concepts in this context are randomness, independence, and bias; examples of statistical methods include sampling, quality control, estimation of variances, and calculation of P values. Nearly all scientific investigators find that their work sometimes . . .

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