Adaptive dispersal and appetitive flight in the green lacewing, Chrysopa cornea

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Abstract
The flight behaviour of Chrysopa cornea Steph. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) with regard to dispersal activity has been investigated in field experiments. There are three main types of flight activities. Shortly after emergence (in the first two nights) the adults perform adaptive dispersal flights which are straight downwind flights mostly at elevations higher than 3 m above ground. The lacewings do not react to the presence of honey dew in the crop. After 2—3 days the scent of honeydew becomes a strong landing stimulus. The flight is now an appetitive downwind flight which usually is lower than 3 m above ground. Once landed, the lacewings' subsequent flights are toward the source of the kairomone which signals honeydew. This can be termed appetitive upwind flight. It is a low stepwise flight within the ‘boundary layer’ which rarely exceeds 1 m above crop level. Dispersal takes place in a continuous ‘rolling’ downwind movement of the whole lacewing population. The immigration rate into a field is thus not a function of the quality of that field but rather of upwind fields. Emigration, however, strongly depends on the presence of honeydew (retaining of ovipositing immigrants) and the density of aphids or other food for the larvae (production of new adults).