The determination of the Geoid Ellipsoid separation for GPS levelling

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Abstract
The heights which are obtained from GPS surveys are measured with respect to an earth-centred ellipsoid and are not, as a result, generally useful for surveying and engineering. To be made useful, they must be transformed into orthometric heights, or heights which are measured with respect to the actual level reference surface, the geoid. The parameter which enables this transformation is N, the geoid height or geoid-ellipsoid separation. This paper describes the various methods used to evaluate N from gravimetry and explores the suitability of these methods to the various uses to which heighting from GPS might be put.

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