Combined effects of ultraviolet‐B radiation and food shortage on the sensitivity of the Antarctic amphipod Paramoera walkeri to copper

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Abstract
Investigations on the combined effects of ultraviolet (UV)‐B radiation and anthropogenic toxicants have focused primarily on the chemical interactions between UV‐B and organic compounds. Only a few studies have examined whether exposure to UV‐B changes sensitivity to toxicants. This question is addressed in a laboratory study using the common shoreline Antarctic amphipod Paramoera walkeri and exposure to environmentally realistic levels of copper, UV‐B radiation, and food shortage. Exposure to copper for 21 d in the absence of any additional stressors (food present, no UV‐B) showed a lowest observable effective concentration (LOEC) of greater than 100 μg Cu/L. Exposure to copper and UV‐B in combination, with no shortage of food, resulted in a LOEC of 45 μg Cu/L. When exposed to copper and UV‐B, with shortage of food, a LOEC of 3 μg Cu/L was recorded. Hence, the combination of environmental stress from exposure to UV‐B radiation and shortage of food increases the sensitivity of P. walkeri to copper more than 30‐fold. Increased metabolic energy requirements for defense mechanisms in response to toxicants and UV‐B are discussed as possible explanations. It is concluded that consideration of environmental stressors in combination with toxicants increases the accuracy of ecological risk assessments of toxicants and should be part of the process for developing guidelines for ecologically acceptable concentrations of contaminants in the environment.

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