Paradigms and Political Discourse: Protective Legislation in France and the United States Before 1914
- 1 June 1989
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Cambridge University Press (CUP) in Canadian Journal Of Political Science-Revue Canadienne De Science Politique
- Vol. 22 (2) , 235-258
- https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900001293
Abstract
This article examines the differences in pre-1914 France and the United States in two kinds of state policies regulating women's behaviour, those “protecting” the condition under which women participated in certain occupations and those providing infant and maternal protection. Those policies are examined to illuminate the argument that politics, including state policies, makes an important contribution to the maintenance and change of ongoing systems of social relations. Central to this argument is the notion that meaning systems around which actors constitute collective identities are a crucial analytic focus for understanding stability and change. At the end of the nineteenth century hegemonic societal paradigms, constructed out of the processes institutionalizing new social relations, emerged in France and the US. The French paradigm of “citizen-producer” and the American one of “specialized citizenship” had quite different implications for the patterns of gender relations embedded within them. These implications are visible in the treatment of women's work and maternity in these years of the emerging welfare state. Ce texte examine les différences entre la France et les États Unis avant 1914 dans deux domaines de politique publique réglementant les comportements féminins: d'une part les conditions « protectrices » sous lesquelles les femmes exerçaient certaines professions, d'autre part la protection maternelle et infantile. Cet article examine ces politiques pour illustrer la thèse selon laquelle la politique, y compris les politiques publiques, contribue largement à la reproduction et à la transformation des systèmes de rapports sociaux en vigueur. Cette thèse s'appuie sur l'idée que les systèmes de représentation, autour desquels les acteurs constituent leur identité collective, forment un passage obligé dans l'analyse et la compréhension de la stabilité et du changement. A la fin du 19e siècle, des paradigmes sociétaux, élaborés en dehors du processus d'institutionalisation de nouveaux rapports sociaux, parviennent à l'hegémonie en France et aux États Unis. Le paradigme français du « citoyen-producteur », et le paradigme américatn de la « citoyenneté specialiséd », incorporaient des présupposés tout différents quant aux rapports sociaux de sexe. Ces présupposes sont évidents dans la prise en compte du travail féminin et de la maternité en ces années d'émergence de l'État Providence.Keywords
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