Granule cell development in the frog cerebellum during spontaneous and thyroxine‐induced metamorphosis

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Abstract
Granule cell maturation in the cerebellum of bullfrog tadpoles was studied during both spontaneous and thyroxine‐induced metamorphosis by using electron microscopy and Golgi‐impregnated preparations. The production of cerebellar microneurons, a majority of which are granule cell precursors, was quantitatively compared during spontaneous and thyroxineinduced metamorphosis by using stereological methods and biochemical measurements of DNA. Granule cell migration and differentiation appeared morphologically similar during spontaneous and thyroxine‐induced metamorphosis. In both instances, granule cells (1) migrated tangentially along the pial surface, (2) migrated into the internal granular layer, (3) developed dendritic arbors, and (4) formed synaptic contacts with the processes of Golgi cells and with mossy fibers. These events are similar to developmental processes that have been described in detail in other animals. Quantitative stereological measurements demonstrated similar overall patterns of change during spontaneous and thyroxine‐induced metamorphosis. Most notably, increases in the volume of the external granule layer correlated with increases in the relative and total amounts of DNA. However, measurements of total DNA were consistently reduced during the period of accelerated change that occurs in thyroxine‐induced metamorphosis, although external granular layer volume was greater in these tadpoles after 2 and 3 weeks of thyroxine treatment than in spontaneously metamorphosing tadpoles. While granule cell development in the frog is largely dependent on thyroid hormone, differences between thyroid‐hormone‐induced and spontaneously metamorphosing tadpoles suggest that normal patterns of cerebellar development are also dependent on events that occur in premetamorphic tadpoles in the absence of thyroid hormone.