Abstract
The benefits of using chips that operate at 3.3 V rather than the standard 5 V are enumerated, and the factors impeding their adoption are examined. The main concern is that since TTL-compatible circuits cannot be replaced overnight by equivalent chips at the lower voltage, 5-V and 3.3-V chips are likely to be mixed in systems for a long time. If they need external interface circuits to allow them to communicate, system cost will go up and performance could be severely degraded. Fear of novelty and the difficulties of scaling down are also discussed.

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