Kinetics and Dynamics of Single Oral Doses of Sirolimus in Sixteen Renal Transplant Recipients

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Abstract
Sirolimus is a new immunosuppressive drug that has been evaluated in animal experiments. The current study was conducted on humans with reformulated sirolimus in doses from 3 mg/m2 to 15 mg/m2. Sixteen renal transplant recipients were included in this phase I study to determine the safety, tolerance, and preliminary pharmacokinetics of increasing single doses of orally administered sirolimus. All 16 patients had stable renal graft function after a renal transplant at least 6 months before the study. Basal immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine and prednisolone (n = 10) or cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisolone (n = 6). Four groups (I, 3 mg/m2; II, 5 mg/m2; III, 10 mg/m2; IV, 15 mg/m2) of four patients were assigned randomly to receive sirolimus (n = 3) or placebo (n = 1). Among the 12 patients who received sirolimus, five had mild transient study events such as headache, nausea, mild dizziness, hypoglycemia, epistaxis, and decrease in platelets. No serious adverse events occurred and no nephrotoxic effects could be related to the single dose administration of sirolimus. The only study event that was judged as probably related to sirolimus was the single case of thrombocytopenia. The other events were evaluated as possibly related. Thrombocytopenia occurred at the highest dose level (15 mg/m2 sirolimus). In two of the patients in the placebo group, slight elevations of liver enzymes and serum amylase were seen. Blood and plasma sirolimus concentrations were analyzed by an electrospray-high performance liquid/mass spectrophotometric (ESP-HPLC/MS) method Sirolimus showed an extensive red blood cell distribution with a mean blood/ plasma ratio of 49.1. The elimination half-life ranged from 43.8 to 86.5 hours (mean 56.9 hours). The Cmax and the area under the concentration versus time curves (AUC) correlated reasonably with doses from 3 to 15 mg/m2. The oral dose clearance ranged from 42 to 339 ml/h.kg. No clinically significant differences were seen in the trough concentrations of cyclosporine or the AUCs before and after the administration of sirolimus. Administration of single oral doses of sirolimus from 3 to 15 mg/m2 was safe and well tolerated in stable renal transplant recipients. Thrombocytopenia may be the dose-limiting toxicity. Additional phase II and phase III clinical trials will define the immunosuppressive efficacy of sirolimus.