Mechanisms mediating cancer cachexia

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Abstract
Background. Cancer cachexia encompasses a wide range of metabolic, hormonal, and cytokine‐related abnormalities that result in a wasting syndrome possibly accounting for up to 30% of cancer‐related deaths. Methods. A literature search was performed to review those pathways of metabolic interference involved in cancer cachexia. Results. An elevated basal metabolic rate and increased energy expenditure combined with systemic catabolism of muscle and adipose tissue are the predominant manifestations of the metabolic and physiologic perturbations noted in this pathologic state. Conclusions. To date, although some of the cachexia‐related metabolic abnormalities have been elucidated, there has been little success in relation to therapeutic manipulation of these pathways. This review evaluates current knowledge relating to cancer cachexia and cautions against generalizations concerning treatment regimens.