Theory of an Optical Maser

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Abstract
A theoretical model for the behavior of an optical maser is presented in which the electromagnetic field is treated classically, and the active medium is made up of thermally moving atoms which acquire nonlinear electric dipole moments under the action of the field according to the laws of quantum mechanics. The corresponding macroscopic electric polarization of the medium acts as a source for an electromagnetic field. The self-consistency requirement that a quasistationary field should be sustained by the induced polarization leads to equations which determine the amplitudes and frequencies of multimode oscillation as functions of the various parameters characterizing the maser. Among the results obtained are: threshold conditions, single-mode output as a function of cavity tuning, frequency pulling and pushing, mode competition phenomena including frequency locking, production of combination tones, and population pulsations. A more approximate discussion of maser action using rate equations is also given in which the concept of "hole burning" plays a role.