A QUANTITATIVE MODEL OF CLIMBING RIPPLES AND THEIR CROSS‐LAMINATED DEPOSITS

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Abstract
SUMMARY: The angle of climb of ripples in cross‐laminated deposits is governed by the simple relation:in which ζ is the angle of climb, M is the rate of sediment deposition normal to the rippled bed, H is the ripple height, and jb is the bedload sediment transport rate. After introducing sediment transport functions, this relation is developed using the assumptions of gradually varied flow to predict the spatial patterns of cross‐lamination types in deposits due to pure non‐uniform flow, pure unsteady flow, and simultaneous non‐uniform and unsteady flow. Most of the predicted patterns can be matched from the geological record, and the analysis affords a hitherto missing insight into the environmental significance of climbing‐ripple cross‐lamination. The analysis also results in a rigorous definition of the kinds of environmental interpretation that may legitimately be made from examples of this structure.

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