Using research in teaching: Subtraction: what do students know?

Abstract
How well do pupils subtract? One would expect 13-year-olds to do much better than 9-year-old, but would they make similar errors? How would the performance of 17-year-olds and young adults on subtraction problems compare with other age groups? Are pupils today subtracting better or worse than similar pupils were years ago? These and other questions will be considered in this article that reports national performance levels of various age groups on selected subtraction problems used in the 1972–73 mathematics assessment of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).

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