Cerebrospinal Fluid Cachectin/Thmor Necrosis Factor- and Platelet-Activating Factor Concentrations and Severity of Bacterial Meningitis in Children

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Abstract
In prospective studies, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 33 of 38 children with bacterial meningitis (BM) but in none of 15 with viral meningitis/encephalitis (P < .001). BMCSF TNFα 25,500 pg/ml) correlated with CSF bacterial density (P < .01),CSF protein (P < .001), endotoxin (LPS) in gram-negative disease (P < .01),and consecutive febrile hospital days (P < .(01); initial CSF TNFα >1000 pg/ml was associated with seizures (P <.05). Only 5 children with BM (13%) had detectable plasma TNFα activity on admission. A higher proportion who died had detectable plasma TNFα activity compared with survivors (3/4 vs. 2/34, P < .005). Platelet-activating factor (PAP) in CSF was higher in 19 children with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis than in 17 controls (P< .01) and correlated with bacterial density (P < .01), CSF LPS (P < .01), CSF TNFα levels (P < .01), and the Herson-Todd severity score (P < .01). Elevated CSF TNFα and PAF are often present in children with BM and are associated with seizures and severity of disease. Detectable CSF TNFα appears to distinguish BM from viral meningitis.