Effect of vacuum mixing on the mechanical properties of antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate bone cement2

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Abstract
Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement, containing either no added antibiotic, 0.5 g of Vancomycin, 1.0 g of Vancomycin, or 1.0 g of Tobramycin, was mixed either in air or a vacuum chamber. Following storage in a water bath at 37°C for 48 h, the specimens were tested in four-point bending. The porosity of the specimens was assessed radiographically, and their antibacterial activity was monitored for 21 days. The bending strength of the vacuum mixed specimens containing no antibiotic was 40% greater than that of similar air-mixed specimens. However, there were no significant differences in the bending strength of either the air-or vacuum-mixed specimens when any of the antibiotic dosages were added. The bending modulus of the vacuum-mixed specimens, containing no antibiotic, was significantly greater than the moduli of all the other specimen groups which did not differ from each other. Vacuum mixing reduced the apparent porosity of the specimens fivefold, and while the addition of antibiotic did not effect porosity of the air-mixed specimens, that of the vacuum-mixed specimens was doubled. Although initial rapid decreases were seen, leaching of antibiotic from the cement and antibacterial activity continued through the 21-day monitoring period.