Properties of a 4Pi confocal fluorescence microscope

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Abstract
In a 4Pi confocal fluorescence microscope two opposing microscope objective lenses were used to illuminate a fluorescent object from both sides and to collect the fluorescence emissions on both sides. Constructive interference of either the illumination wave fronts in the common focus or the detection wave fronts in the common detector pinhole resulted in an axial resolution approximately four times higher than that in a confocal fluorescence microscope. A precise 4Pi confocal fluorescence microscope that uses simultaneous illumination was built. The full width at half-maximum of the depth discrimination was determined experimentally to be approximately 110 nm when lenses with a numerical aperture of 1.4, an excitation of 633 nm, and detection of approximately 725 nm were used.

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