The suspensorium of Ctenopoma acutirostre: A comparative functional analysis with Anabas testudineus

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Abstract
The functional and structural aspects of the suspensorium of Ctenopoma acutirostre have been correlated with those of Anabas testudineus. The different parts of the suspensorium are described, as are the muscles that are functionally connected with the suspensorium. Functions were analyzed by observations on living specimens, and by measurements recorded from the movie films. The role played by various bones and muscles to carry out the functions (the respiration, the gulping, and the feeding) has been explained. The different bones and muscles have been considered as functional units which often are connected to form couplings. During the respiration in Ctenopoma the depression of the lower jaw is conducted by the levator operculiopercular apparatus‐mandible coupling. The presence of this coupling is indicated by the presence of dorso‐ventral movement of the operculum. A remarkable ventro‐dorsal and antero‐caudal movement in the urhyal during feeding shows in Ctenopoma the presence of the sternohyoideus‐hyoid apparatus‐interopercular‐mandible coupling, which depresses the lower jaw. In Ctenopoma, the suspensorium takes part in respiration, gulping, and feeding, whereas in Anabas it is only involved in gulping and feeding. To carry out its functions, the suspensorium implies three articulations: palatocranial, craniohyomandibular, and quadratomandibular with the cranium and the lower jaw, respectively. Finally, the suspensorium has been analyzed as a part of the architectonic structure of the entire head by using a diagrammatic model (fig. 13) based on mutual influence, integration, and couplings.