Poly(C) Synthesis by Class I and Class II CCA-Adding Enzymes

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Abstract
The CCA-adding enzymes [ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyl transferases], which catalyze synthesis of the conserved CCA sequence to the tRNA 3‘ end, are divided into two classes. Recent studies show that the class II Escherichia coli CCA-adding enzyme synthesizes poly(C) when incubated with CTP alone, but switches to synthesize CCA when incubated with both CTP and ATP. Because the poly(C) activity can shed important light on the mechanism of the untemplated synthesis of CCA, it is important to determine if this activity is also present in the class I CCA enzymes, which differ from the class II enzymes by significant sequence divergence. We show here that two members of the class I family, the archaeal Sulfolobus shibatae and Methanococcus jannaschii CCA-adding enzymes, are also capable of poly(C) synthesis. These two class I enzymes catalyze poly(C) synthesis and display a response of kinetic parameters to the presence of ATP similar to that of the class II E. coli enzyme. Thus, despite extensive sequence diversification, members of both classes employ common strategies of nucleotide addition, suggesting conservation of a mechanism in the development of specificity for CCA. For the E. coli enzyme, discrimination of poly(C) from CCA synthesis in the intact tRNA and in the acceptor-TΨC domain is achieved by the same kinetic strategy, and a mutation that preferentially affects addition of A76 but not poly(C) has been identified. Additionally, we show that enzymes of both classes exhibit a processing activity that removes nucleotides in the 3‘ to 5‘ direction to as far as position 74.