Supradiaphragmatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Tumor Thrombus: Indications for Vena Caval Reconstruction With Pericardium

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Abstract
Supradiaphragmatic extension of tumor thrombus from a renal cell carcinoma presents a major surgical challenge. The use of cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia and cardiac arrest with temporary exsanguination has allowed for successful surgical excision of these tumors. A renal cell carcinoma on the right side with a supradiaphragmatic tumor thrombus still may only partially occlude the vena cava. The collateral venous circulation of the left renal vein may be developed poorly and a pericardial patch can allow successful reconstruction of the inferior vena cava. If the tumor arises on the left side continued venous drainage of the right kidney is mandatory to prevent venous infarction of the right kidney. The entire vena cava also might be reconstructed theoretically with pericardium.