Sphingosine 1-phosphate induces cytoskeletal reorganization in C2C12 myoblasts: physiological relevance for stress fibres in the modulation of ion current through stretch-activated channels

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Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that is abundantly present in the serum and mediates multiple biological responses. With the aim of extending our knowledge on the role played by S1P in the regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization, native as well as C2C12 myoblasts stably transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged α- and β-actin constructs were stimulated with S1P (1 μM) and observed under confocal and multiphoton microscopes. The addition of S1P induced the appearance of actin stress fibres and focal adhesions through Rho- and phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated pathways. The cytoskeletal response was dependent on the extracellular action of S1P through its specific surface receptors, since the intracellular delivery of the sphingolipid by microinjection was unable to modify the actin cytoskeletal assembly. Interestingly, it was revealed by whole-cell patch-clamp that S1P-induced stress fibre formation was associated with increased ion currents and conductance through stretch-activated channels (SACs), thereby suggesting a possible regulatory role for organized actin in channel sensitivity. Experiments aimed at stretching the plasma membrane of C2C12 cells, using the cantilever of an atomic force microscope, indicated that there was a Ca2+ influx through putative SACs. In conclusion, the present data suggest novel mechanisms of S1P signalling involving actin cytoskeletal reorganization and Ca2+ elevation through SACs that might influence myoblastic functions.