The dynamic constants of human muscle

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Abstract
In a recent paper (Hill 1938) the shortening of an isolated muscle against a constant force was shown to obey the characteristic equation ( P + a) (v + b ) = a constant = ( P 0 + a ) b , Where P is force, v is velocity of shortening, P 0 is the full isometric tension and a and b are constants. In frog’s muscle a / P 0 was found to be about 4, and b (at 0°C) about one-third of the muscle length per second with a temperature coefficient of about 2 Per 10° C. The theory was applied (Hill 1936 b ) in a study of the mechanical efficiency (work/total energy) of frog’s muscle shortening at various speeds.