A Semi-Empirical Solution to Upset Forging

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Abstract
A simple, semi-empirical approach for the determination of elastic zone, bulge profile, and load-displacement curve for the upsetting of cylindrical billets has been proposed. Stress distribution in the billet has been determined, and the effects of process and material parameters have been investigated. It has been shown that the size of the elastic zone is dependent on the ratio of the initial yield strength to the flow stress of the material (σy/σo), becoming smaller as (σy/σo) decreases. Also, a substantial growth of the elastic zone with friction is noticed.

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