Mortality of grass grub,Costelytra zealandica(White), and earthworms (Lumbricidae) during autumn cultivation

Abstract
At Mt. Somers, in the South Island of New Zealand, 92.5% of grass grub died during autumn cultivation, 78% resulting from mechanical injury and 14% from natural mortality. Gulls and starlings removed 260 000 grass grub per hectare, but this represented only 8% of the total mortality. Earthworms survived cultivation better than grass grub, but surface cultivation reduced their population by 74%. Grass grub are sufficiently susceptible to mechanical injury to make autumn cultivation a feasible means of reducing the pest in some areas.

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