Repetitive increases in cytosolic Ca2+ of guard cells by abscisic acid activation of nonselective Ca2+ permeable channels.

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Abstract
Many signal-transduction processes in higher plant cells have been suggested to be triggered by signal-induced opening of Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane. However, direct evidence for activation of plasma-membrane Ca2+ channels by physiological signals in higher plants has not yet been obtained. In this context, several lines of evidence suggest that Ca2+ flux into the cytosol of guard cells is a major factor in the induction of stomatal closing by abscisic acid (ABA). ABA closes stomatal pores, thereby reducing transpirational loss of water by plants under drought conditions. To directly investigate initial events in ABA-induced signal transduction in guard cells, we devised an experimental approach that allows simultaneous photometric measurements of cytosolic Ca2+ and patch-clamp recordings of ion currents across the plasma membrane of single Vicia faba guard cells. Using this approach, we found that the resting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was 0.19 +/- 0.09 microM (n = 19). In responsive guard cells, external exposure to ABA produced transient repetitive increases in the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration. These Ca2+ transients were accompanied by concomitantly occurring increases in an inward-directed ion current. Depolarization of the membrane terminated both repetitive elevations in cytosolic Ca2+ and inward-directed ion currents, suggesting that ABA-mediated Ca2+ transients were produced by passive influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space through Ca2(+)-permeable channels. Detailed voltage-clamp measurements revealed that ABA-activated ion currents could be reversed by depolarizations more positive than -10 mV. Interestingly, reversal potentials of ABA-induced currents show that these currents are not highly Ca2(+)-selective, thereby permitting permeation of both Ca2+ and K+. These results provide direct evidence for ABA activation of Ca2(+)-permeable ion channels in the plasma membrane of guard cells. ABA-activated ion channels allow repetitive elevations in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, which, in turn, can modulate cellular responses promoting stomatal closure.